Turkana Oil Exploration and Mining Safety Concerns in Kenya

Dec 13, 2025 9:54 PM

Turkana Oil Exploration and Mining Safety Concerns in Kenya

Oil Exploration and Operational Risks

Oil exploration activities in Turkana, particularly around the South Lokichar Basin, involve drilling operations, heavy transport logistics, and remote site work. These operations expose workers to hazards such as high pressure equipment, hazardous substances, vehicle accidents, and extreme environmental conditions.

Over the years, oil operators and contractors in the region have faced safety incidents linked to the transportation of equipment, long distance trucking on poorly developed roads, and fatigue related to extended work shifts. These risks are amplified by the remoteness of sites, where emergency medical response can be delayed.

Community Related Incidents and Security Concerns

Safety incidents in Turkana have also involved tensions between local communities and extractive operations. Protests, road blockages, and disruptions linked to employment concerns, compensation disputes, and land access have, at times, created unsafe conditions for workers and operational assets.

In several instances, operations have been temporarily halted following community unrest, demonstrating how social risk directly impacts workplace health and safety. These situations highlight the importance of community engagement as part of overall safety management.

Mining Activities and Informal Operations

Mining activities in Turkana, including artisanal and small scale mining, present additional health and safety challenges. Informal mining sites often operate with limited personal protective equipment, poor excavation controls, and minimal regulatory oversight.

Incidents reported in the region have included pit collapses, unsafe use of tools, and prolonged exposure to dust and hazardous materials. These risks affect not only miners but also surrounding communities.

Environmental and Health Impacts

Oil and mining activities in Turkana have raised ongoing concerns around environmental safety and public health. Dust emissions, waste management practices, water use, and the potential for contamination remain key issues for communities living near extraction sites.

Any environmental incident, including spills or improper waste disposal, carries long term health implications and increases the need for transparent monitoring and reporting.

Regulatory Oversight and Response

Kenyan authorities continue to oversee oil and mining activities in Turkana through licensing processes, inspections, and enforcement of occupational safety and environmental regulations. However, the scale, remoteness, and complexity of operations present ongoing challenges for consistent monitoring.

As extractive activities continue, there is growing public attention on how operators manage safety risks, respond to incidents, and engage with local communities.

Looking Ahead

The situation in Turkana highlights that health and safety in the extractive sector extends beyond technical controls. Real incidents in the region show the close link between operational risk, community relations, environmental management, and worker protection.

As Kenya continues to develop its natural resources, lessons from Turkana will remain critical in shaping safer and more responsible oil and mining operations.

Mining, Oil & Gas

Dec 28, 2020

Administrator

FIRE SAFETY IN MINES

Dec 2, 2020

HSE Editor

Common Health Risks in Mining Industry

Miners feared dead in Zimbabwe mine collapse

Nov 30, 2020

Administrator

Miners feared dead in Zimbabwe mine collapse

Feb 6, 2020

Administrator

Gold Miners Killed in Mine Collapse

Two miners killed in quarry accident in Kisii

Jul 24, 2018

Administrator

Two miners killed in quarry accident in Kisii

Miners feared dead following Collapse of Gold Mine

May 9, 2018

Administrator

Miners feared dead following Collapse of Gold Mine

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In order for a fire to exist three elements are required; fuel, oxygen gas and ignition source. When these elements combine in the right proportions then they are able to retain the chemical reaction to keep the fire burning.

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In the mining industry fire and explosions pose a constant threat to the safety of miners. Mine fires and explosions traditionally have ranked among the most devastating. Leaking high-pressure hydraulic lines which can spray a heated mist of highly combustible liquid. Movable equipment used in underground mines don't only contain fuel sources but also ignition sources. This equipment presents an appreciable risk for fires. Welding and cutting activities are also a leading cause of fire in mines.

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Special precautions need to be taken to ensure that these activities do not create a possible ignition source for a fire or explosion. Handling and storage of flammable and combustible liquids pose a special fire hazard for all sectors of the mining industry. The storage of flammable and combustible liquids is an especially important concern because these materials ignite more easily and propagate fire more rapidly than ordinary combustibles.

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Safety for fires and explosions in underground mines is based on the general principles of preventing fire and explosion. Eliminating electrical ignition sources is essential or preventing explosions. Explosion proof enclosure such as plugs receptacles and circuit interrupting devices should be used in hazardous areas. Fire containment is a fundamental control mechanism for any type of industrial facility.

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Fire suppression. The most common types of fire suppression equipment used in underground mines are portable extinguishers and water hose lines.

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Fire detection and warning systems. The detection of gas or smoke is the most cost-effective approach to providing fire detection coverage over a large area. The primary concern during an underground fire is the safety of underground personnel.

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Mines can be hazardous environments and the possibility of fire, flood, explosion and collapse has the potential to simultaneously affect a large number of individuals. There are also health risks that are likely to cause illness in the workers, and whose effects may not be felt immediately after exposure. Understanding and being aware of your environment is the first step to preventing illness in the workplace.

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The following are some of the common health risks to watch out for in the mining industry.

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Coal dust

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Dust inhalation or coal dust is one of the most common concern for miners. Mining companies need to develop a dust control plan, and supervisors should ensure that dust control system are working properly for every production shift. Mine workers should be trained on the hazards of overexposure to coal mine dust. Respiratory protection should be used when dust control protection is being installed, maintained or repaired.

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Noise

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Mines are noisy places, with the constant of drilling and heavy machinery, and the potential for hearing damage is quite serious. To protect workers against noise, mining companies should evaluate working conditions and noise exposure through risk assessments.

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Whole body vibration

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Whole body vibration (WBV) is a slow forming physical hazard that occurs in mining workers and other occupations that work with heavy machinery. Symptoms of WBV include musculoskeletal disorders, reproductive damages in females ,vision impairment ,digestive problems and cardiovascular changes. Where risks cannot be avoided, supervisors should reduce the time for which the employees uses the machine each day.

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UV Exposure

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For open-pit miners, understanding the risk of over-exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight is essential. Over exposure of ultraviolet rays can put you at risk of skin cancer. Employers should conduct a risk assessment on outdoor work scheduled to assist in developing appropriate sun protection measures.

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Musculoskeletal disorders

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Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) refer to any problems affecting your bones, muscles, blood vessels and nerves. Mine workers are exposed to a variety of potential health risks that fall under this broad category. While musculoskeletal damage can occur due to a trip, fall or heavy lift, the more serious ones occur slowly over time. This could be due to ongoing heavy lifting or repetitive strains.

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Preventing MSDs needs to be a key part of every workplace health and safety program. In safe and healthy workplaces, employers should identify and assess job-related MSD hazards and put in place controls to reduce workers' exposure to MSD hazards.

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Furthermore, workers should be advised and trained about MSD hazards in their job and workplace and should be encouraged to participate in health and safety programs through early reporting of MSD symptoms or concerns to their supervisors. Employers should follow up to ensure preventative measures are working.

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Thermal stress

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Mining environments are often very hot and humid, which over time can cause thermal (heat) stress in workers. Overexposure to heat and humidity can cause the body to become fatigued and distressed. This can result in heat stroke or more serious ongoing health problems.

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Where there is a possibility of heat stress occurring, companies need to carry out a risk assessment that considers the work rate, working climate and worker clothing and respiratory protective equipment. Where possible, control the temperature using engineering solutions, provide mechanical aids where possible to reduce the work rate, and regulate the length of exposure to hot environments.

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Furthermore, personal protective equipment should be provided, such as specialized protective clothing that incorporates personal cooling systems or breathable fabrics. Companies should also provide training for workers, especially new and young employees, and monitor the health of workers at risk.

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Chemical exposure

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Mine workers are often exposed to harmful chemicals. Each chemical has a unique set of hazards and needs to be handled properly to ensure worker safety, so employers need to conduct risk assessments to establish best practices. Artisanal gold miners for instance sometimes use mercury recover minute pieces of gold that is mixed in soil and sediments. Prolonged and high exposure to mercury by inhalation damages the nervous, digestive, and immune systems. To prevent this, a standard operating procedure that addresses the use of correct personal protective equipment, safe handling, safe use and proper disposal of chemicals should be established.

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Source: Mining Review Africa

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At least 30 informal miners have been trapped underground with some feared dead in Bindura, northeastern Zimbabwe after a shaft in an abandoned gold mine collapsed. This is according to the Zimbabwe Miners' Federation.

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The 100-meter mine shaft collapsed on Wednesday 25^th November with government officials suspecting that the support pillars may have been damaged by blasting during the illegal mining activities. Initial efforts to rescue the miners on Thursday were hampered by lack of equipment with the generator needed pump water from the shaft failed. As of Friday, 6 miners had been rescued with 30 others remaining unaccounted for.

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The incident comes barely weeks after two similar incidents in Esigodini and Chegutu in which six miners died.

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Gold accounts for 60% of exports in Zimbabwe with many young people being involved in illegal mining activities in disused mines that remain unguarded. Illegal mining has increased due to high levels of unemployment in the country especially during the Covid-19 pandemic.

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According to the World Bank, around 90% of the world's miners, work in small scale artisanal operations or illegally by trespassing on land controlled by others, including bigger mining companies.

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Four gold miners have died after the Osiri mines collapsed in Migori County. Fifteen others are nursing injuries in several hospitals with six of them in critical condition.

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The tragedy happened Wednesday evening at the gold mines in Nyatike subcounty. By Thursday morning there was fear that more miners might be still trapped in the debris as search and rescue operations continue.

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Area chief, David Oulo said the miners were prospecting gold in the area known for its rich mineral deposits when the mine collapsed, burying them alive.

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\"Three bodies were badly mutilated after being crushed, the other suffocated to death when he was cornered in a tight spot. The others were treated at Macalder hospital. The others were rushed to the referral hospital,\" Oulo said.

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According to the administrator, more people are still trapped in the debris although they were yet to establish the exact number.

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\"There are conflicting reports on the exact number of the miners who were working here, some say they were 40 while others claim they were only 15, we are still tallying the number,\" he said.

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He noted that the rescue operations would continue until all the victims are accounted for.

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A quarry wall caved in at Getare villige in Bonchari Constituency killing two quarry workers. The workers were crushed by a large stone a few minutes after they reported to work. Workers participated in the rescue operation after the 8am incident. Kipkoech Kigen, Kisii South Assistant County Commissioner ordered the site closed to ascertain its safety.

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According to Mr. Kigen they will consult other government agencies before issuing further directions on how mining activities will be conducted in this area. They are also going to take precautions to avoid such deaths in the future.

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Mr. Onsarigo one of the witnesses said that the exercise was delicate and needed government intervention. Richard Ratemo, a witness, said concerns had been raised about risks in mines in the area. \"Those willing to continue with mining in this area should first ensure their safety. Those who have employed our youths should think of improving the working environment,\" said Onsarigo.

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Concerns had been expressed by the authorities that several unregulated quarries posed danger to miners and those living nearby. Workers not been provided with safety gears by most quarry owners. A month ago, Bobasi MP Innocent Obiri was arrested and charged in court after he visited the area and questioned the mining practices. Mr Obiri expressed concern about the impact of the mining activities on the environment, saying the use of explosives had caused cracks on adjacent buildings.

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Source : The Standard

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At least six people are feared dead in a gold mine in Migori County after a tunnel collapsed.

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The victims were buried alive in Macalder Mines in Nyatike sub-county, located 40 kilometres from Migori Town. It was reported that the victims were in the deep tunnels when the soil caved in due to the heavy rains currently pounding the region.

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\"It is true that at least six people are trapped in the mines. We are looking for excavators to remove heaps of soil,\" said Mr Apollo Ogutu, the Nyatike sub county administrator.

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He said the heavy rains might have weakened the walls of the tunnels. Police from Nyatike, who rushed to the scene, were unable to evacuate the victims due to lack of relevant equipment.

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The miners usually go more than 100 feet down to look for gold. Mines in Nyatike have claimed many lives every year but that has not deterred the residents from looking for gold.

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In June 2017, a gold miner died from suspected asphyxiation due to carbon monoxide from a generator used to pump water from the Masara mine in Migori. A similar incident occurred at the Osiri Gold mine in April 2016 resulting in the death of one miner and injuring four others. The mine's ventilation was reportedly blocked following a landslide while the five were still inside. In 2015, two men aged 23 and 24 years died of carbon monoxide poisoning at the same location. The two suffocated when they tried to pump out water from the mine using a petrol-powered generator.

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In December 2014, two gold miners died while seven others escaped death narrowly after a mine collapsed in Osiri. The mine walls collapsed at dawn due to heavy rains the previous night.

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Turkana Oil Exploration and Mining Safety Concerns in Kenya